Centering Black women’s voices to advance anti-racist pedagogy and pro-Black approaches in early childhood settings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37291/2717638X.202563671Keywords:
Anti-racist pedagogy, Pro-Black approaches, Black early childhood educators, Black feminist thoughtAbstract
Despite calls for anti-racist and pro-Black pedagogy in early childhood settings within Canada, such approaches generally remain absent, and many past efforts have been erased or. Colorblind approaches continue to persist in early childhood care settings. This kind of systemic racism may be linked with the overrepresentation of Black (and Indigenous) children in the child welfare system. To date, few studies have investigated the possible mediating role of early childhood educators. Early childhood educators have the potential to serve as mandated reporters, and this article draws from Black feminist thought, Black critical theory (BlackCrit) and pro-Black pedagogies to explore how Black early childhood educators in Toronto, Canada can challenge anti-Black racism in childcare settings. Using these frameworks, the article aims to explore the resistance strategies of Black early childhood educators and specific ways they use their knowledge to resist anti-Black racism and enact pro-Black pedagogies. Nine semi-structured interviews yielded four key themes: (1) teachable moments to challenge anti-Black racism and advance anti-racism; (2) pro-Black approaches as liberatory pedagogical practice; (3) othermothering principles and community leadership to challenge oppression; and (4) resistance practices among Black early childhood educators. The findings revealed how Black early childhood educators affirm Black children's humanity and center Black ways of knowing while disrupting anti-Black racism toward themselves and the children and families they support.
References
Abawi, Z., & Berman, R. (2019). Politicizing early childhood education and care in Ontario: Race, identity and belonging. Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning, and Leadership in Education, 4(2), Article 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.ctlle.04.02.1075
Alderman, D., Narro-Perez, R., Eaves, L. E., Klein, P., & Munoz, S. (2019). Reflections on operationalizing an anti-racism pedagogy: Teaching as regional storytelling. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 45(2), 186-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1661367
Allen, R., Shapland, D. L., Neitzel, J., & Iruka, I. U. (2021). Creating anti-racist early childhood spaces. YC Young Children, 76(2), 49-54.
Berman, R. (2020). Critical race theory. In D. T. Cook (Ed.) The SAGE encyclopedia of children and childhood studies. (pp. 572-575). Sage Publications.
Berman, R., Abawi, Z., Haile, F., Escayg, K., Butler, A., Royer, N., & Daniel, B. (2022). Give race its place: An anti-racism knowledge sharing initiative for early childhood educators in Ontario. eceLINK, 6(1), 42-54.
Berman, R., Daniel, B. J., Butler, A., MacNevin, M., & Royer, N. (2017). Nothing or almost nothing to report: Early childhood educators and discursive constructions of colourblindness. International Critical Childhood Policy Studies Journal, 6(1), 52–65.
Blackson, E. A., Gerdes, M., Segan, E., Anokam, C., & Johnson, T. J. (2022). Racial bias toward children in the early childhood education setting. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 20(3), 277-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X221087051
Blakeney, A. M. (2005). Antiracist pedagogy: Definition, theory, and professional development. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 2(1), 119–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15505170.2005.10411532
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2001). White supremacy and racism in the post-civil rights era. Lynne Rienner Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685850272
Boutte, G. S. (2022). Educating African American students: And how are the children? (2nd ed.) Routledge.
Boutte, G., & Bryan, N. (2019). When will Black children be well? Interrupting anti-Black violence in early childhood classrooms and schools. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 22(3), 232-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949119890598
Braden, E., Long, S., Wynter-Hoyte, K., Boutte, G., Frazier, J., Mosso-Taylor, S., & Volk, D. (2023). Curricular violence and the education of Black children: Working toward positive peace through pro-Black practices. International Journal of Early Childhood, 55(3), 347-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-023-00379-6
Braden, E., Myers, M., Thornton, N., Rodriguez, S., & Wynter‐Hoyte, K. (2025). Revolutionary love: Centering the full humanity of children in the literacy curriculum. Reading Research Quarterly, 60(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.592
Brady, J. (2022). Strategies for resistance: A study on Black mothering as practices of disruption for the schooling of Black children. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 13(2), 155–176.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 843-860). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103
CBWC. (1989). Just like me. An anti-racist childcare film project. RISE UP. http://riseupfeministarchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/cbwc-1989-antiracistchildcareprojectdescrip-toronto.pdf
CBWC. (1992). Parents' views on race relations in childcare programs. RISE UP. https://riseupfeministarchive.ca/document/cbwc-1992-parentviewsracerelationschildcare
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2020). Centering equity. https://www.college-ece.ca/about-us/centering-equity/
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2025a). Fostering equitable care for Black children and families. College Talk. https://cece-talk.ca/2025/03/fostering-equitable-care-for-black-children-and-families/
College of Early Childhood Educators. (2025b). New resources: Talking about race and racism with children. College Talk. https://cece-talk.ca/2025/03/new-resources-talking-about-race-and-racism-with-children/
Collins, P. H. (1987). The meaning of motherhood in Black culture and Black mother/daughter relationships. Sage, 4(2), 3−10.
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.) Unwin Hyman.
Connely, K., Cukier, W., Grant, C., Neuman, K., Newman-Bremang, K., & Wisdom, M. (2014). The Black experience project: A Greater Toronto Area study capturing the lived experiences of a diverse community: Phase 1: Community Engagement Final Report. Environics Institute.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist Critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8.
Creswell, J. M & Guetterman, T. C. (2019). Education research. Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (6th ed.). Pearson.
Creswell, J. M. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
Daniel, B.-J., & Escayg, K.-A. (2019). “But, I don’t believe it’s about race”: Challenging fallacies of race and racism amongst early childhood educators in Ontario. Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education, 4(2), 14-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32873/uno.dc.ctlle.04.02.1076
Davidson, K., & Fouts, H. N. (2024). Fostering children’s racialized identities in early childhood education. Early Years,,44(2), 251-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2022.2126964
Dei, G. J. S. (1996). Anti-racism education: Theory and practice. Fernwood.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction. (3rd ed). New York University Press.
Derman-Sparks, L., & Edwards, J. O. (2019). Understanding anti-bias education. YC Young Children, 74(5), 6-13.
Dumas, M. J., & ross, k. m. (2016). Be real Black for me: Imagining BlackCrit in education. Urban Education, 51(4), 415–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916628611
Escayg, K.-A. (2020). Anti‐racism in U.S. early childhood education: Foundational principles. Sociology Compass, 14(4), e12764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12764
Escayg, K.-A. (2025). With Black children in mind: A creative reflection of centering pro-Blackness/anti-racism in early years literacy. Perspectives and Provocations, 13A, 24-34.
Escayg, K-A (2019). "Who's got the power?": A critical examination of the anti-bias curriculum. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 13(6), 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-019-0062-9
Escayg, K-A. (2024). Starting with the self: Conceptualizing an anti-racist early childhood pedagogy by critiquing white educators’ social-emotional competencies. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14639491241273926
Escayg, K-A., & Farago, F. (2023). Proactive, not reactive: Creating anti-racist policies for child care centers and preschools. In M. K. Nagasawa, L. Peters, M. N. Bloch, & B. B. Swadener (Eds.), Transforming early years policy in the U.S.: A call to action (pp. 39-46). Teachers College Press.
Essien, I., & Wood, J. L. (2024). “Treat them like human beings”: Black children’s experiences with racial microaggressions in early childhood education during COVID-19. Early Childhood Education Journal, 52(4), 825-836. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-023-01466-y
Fearon, S. (2023). At mummy’s feet: A Black motherwork approach to arts‐informed inquiry. The Canadian Review of Sociology, 60(2), 326–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12434
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
Fontanella-Nothom, O. (2019). “Why do we have different skins anyway?”: Exploring race in literature with preschool children. Multicultural perspectives, 21(1), 11-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2019.1572485
Galligan, A., & Miller, E. T. (2022). Justice is more important than kindness: Antiracist pedagogy in a first-grade classroom. Language Arts, 99(5), 348-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58680/la202231795
Gardner‐Neblett, N., Addie, A., Eddie, A. L., Chapman, S. K., Duke, N. K., & Vallotton, C. D. (2023). Bias starts early. Let's start now: Developing an anti‐racist, anti‐bias book collection for infants and toddlers. The Reading Teacher, 76(4), 505-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.2169
Grant, J. (2023). Defining Black early childhood educator culture: Having a conversation. [Unpublished major research paper]. Toronto Metropolitan University.
hooks, b. (2015). Feminist Theory: From margin to center. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743172
Husband, T. (2010). He’s too young to learn about that stuff: Anti-racist pedagogy and early childhood social studies. Social Studies Research and Practice, 5(2), 61-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SSRP-02-2010-B0006
Husband, T. (2016). (Ed). But I don’t see color: The perils, practices, and possibilities of antiracist education. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-585-2
Husband, T. (2019). Using multicultural picture books to promote racial justice in urban early childhood literacy classrooms. Urban Education, 54(8), 1058-1084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085918805145
Husband, T., & Escayg, K. A. (2022). "Safe and sound": Anti-racist curriculum models for the early years classroom. Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 34(2), 168-182.
Iruka, I. U., Curenton, S. M., Durden, T. R., & Escayg, K. A. (2020). Don't look away: Embracing anti-bias classrooms. Gryphon House.
Iruka, I. U., Durden, T. R., Escayg, K. A., & Curenton, S. M. (2023). We are the change we seek: Advancing racial justice in early care and education. Teachers College Press.
Iruka, I. U., Durden, T. R., Gardner-Neblett, N., Ibekwe-Okafor, N., Sansbury, A., & Telfer, N. A. (2021). Attending to the adversity of racism against young Black children. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain sciences, 8(2), 175-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322211029313
Johnson, L. L., Bryan, N., & Boutte, G. (2019). Show us the love: Revolutionary teaching in (un)critical times. The Urban Review, 51(1), 46–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0488-3
Kailin, J. (2002). Antiracist education: From theory to practice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Teacher, 42(8), 846–854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1755030
Kinard, T., Gainer, J., Valdez-Gainer, N., Volk, D., & Long, S. (2021). Interrogating the “gold standard”: Play-based early childhood education and perpetuating white supremacy. Theory Into Practice, 60(3), 322–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1911587
King, E. T. (2022). Envisioning spaces of anti-racist pedagogy in teacher education programs. In S. Browne & G. Jean-Marie (Eds.), Reconceptualizing social justice in teacher education: Moving to anti-racist pedagogy (pp. 21–37). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16644-0_2
Kishimoto, K. (2018). Anti-racist pedagogy: From faculty’s self-reflection to organizing within and beyond the classroom. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(4), 540-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1248824
Kishimoto, K. (2022). Beyond teaching racial content: Antiracist pedagogy as implementing antiracist practices. In S. Browne & G. Jean-Marie (Eds.), Reconceptualizing social justice in teacher education: Moving to anti-racist pedagogy (pp. 105–125). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16644-0_6
Kissi, E. & Ewan, A. (2023). The erasure of Blackness and shortcomings within the early learning and care sector in Canada: Recommendations for the way forward. Journal of Childhood Studies, 48(3), 33–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs20746
Kitossa, T., Lawson, E., & Howard, P. S. S. (Eds.). (2019). African Canadian leadership: Continuity, transition, and transformation. University of Toronto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487531409
MacNevin, M., & Berman, R. (2017). The Black baby doll doesn’t fit the disconnect between early childhood diversity policy, early childhood educator practice, and children’s play. Early Child Development and Care, 187(5–6), 827–839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1223065
Mirick, R., & Wladkowski, S. (2019). Skype in qualitative interviews: Participant and researcher perspectives. Qualitative Report, 24(12), 3061–3072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3632
Morettini, B., Abraham, S., & Wilson-Hill, Z. (2022). The stories we teach by: The use of storytelling to support anti-racist pedagogy. In S. Browne & G. Jean-Marie (Eds.), Reconceptualizing social justice in teacher education: moving to anti-racist pedagogy (pp. 129-149). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16644-0_7
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2018). Interrupted childhoods: Over-representation of Indigenous and Black children in Ontario child welfare. https://www3.ohrc.on.ca/en/interrupted-childhoods-over-representation-indigenous-and-black-children-ontario-child-welfare
Ontario. (2025). Child care centre licensing manual. https://www.ontario.ca/document/child-care-centre-licensing-manual
Pimentel, M., McIsaac, J.-L., Watson, C., Stirling-Cameron, E., Hickens, N., & Hamilton-Hinch, B. (2023). Amplifying the encounters of young Black children with anti-Black racism: An exploration of parents’ and early childhood educators’ perspectives on early learning and child care environments. Canadian Children, 48(4), 38–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs202321239
Spencer, T. (2022). Using children's literature to advance antiracist early childhood teaching and learning. Issues in Teacher Education, 31(2), 9-31.
Stirling-Cameron, E., Hickens, N., Watson, C., Hamilton-Hinch, B., Pimentel, M., & McIsaac, J.-L. D. (2023). Anti-Black racism in the early years: The experiences of Black families and early childhood educators in Nova Scotia. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 43(8), 355–364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.43.8.01
Tajik, O., Golzar, J., & Noor, S. (2024). Purposive sampling. International Journal of Education and Learning Studies, 2(2), 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00299-5
Thomas, E. (2025). Anti-racism in early childhood spaces: Transformative activism. In E. Tarry (Ed.), Principles and practice to help young children belong: Therapeutic approaches to support pupils in the margins (pp. 19-35). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032716190-4
Toronto Children’s Services. (1998). Guidelines for responding to racial incidents in childcare. Toronto, Ontario.
Truth, S. (1851). Ain’t I a woman? [Speech] 1851 Women’s Convention. Akron, Ohio, United States.
Turner, C. R. (2024). Othermothering: A Black feminist history of communal early childhood education in America. Journal of African American women and girls, 4(2), 108-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21423/jaawge-v4i2a112
Tursi, D. (2023). “This is just who we are”: A participatory case study on the implementation of antibias/antiracist pedagogies in early childhood spaces. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Houston: Graduate College of Social Work (UHGCSW). (2018). A Conversation on Race and Privilege with Angela Davis and Jane Elliott. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0jf8D5WHoo
Wane, N. N. (2000). Reflections on the mutuality of mothering: Women, children and othermothering. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering, 2(2), 105−116.
Wynter-Hoyte, K., & Smith, M. (2020). “Hey, Black child. Do you know who you are?” Using African diaspora literacy to humanize Blackness in early childhood education. Journal of Literacy Research, 52(4), 406–431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X20967393
Wynter-Hoyte, K., Braden, E., Boutte, G., Long, S., & Muller, M. (2022). Identifying anti-Blackness and committing to pro-Blackness in early literacy pedagogy and research: A guide for child care settings, schools, teacher preparation programs, and researchers. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 22(4), 565-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14687984221135489
Wynter-Hoyte, K., Thornton, N. A., Smith, M., & Jones, K. (2021). A revolutionary love story in teacher education and early childhood education. Theory Into Practice, 60(3), 265-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1911581
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial: You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
Journal of Childhood, Education & Society retains the commercial rights of this article.
Funding data
-
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Grant numbers 430-2023-00481




